Use full stops with initials of names, such as Jackson, C. Use full stops to end a complete sentence. Do not use a space in web addresses in the text of your work or in your reference list, such as A.ĭo not use a space after internal full stops in abbreviations, such as Ph.D., n.d., s.l., or in timings such as 20:00, in numbers, such as 1,000 or in scales such as 1:25,000. Use a space after all initials in personal names such as Jackson, C. Do not include these after the day of the month for dates. Use full numbers in page ranges ( 321-327 not 321-7) and ranges of dates ( 1985-1987, not 1985-7). Use ordinal numbers in abbreviated form in superscripts in book editions, such as nd or th. Words within a source that would normally be italicised should be set in normal type for reverse italicization, such as From Hobbits to Hollywood: Essays on Peter Jackson's Lord of the Rings. article titles) should not be in italics. book title, journal title) should be in italics in your reference list. Do not capitalise the second work of a hyphenated word.Ĭapitalise all proper nouns and adjectives, names of Universities and their Departments, Government Departments and trade names. Conjunctions, articles and prepositions do not need to be in capitals as they are not main words. For journal articles and conference papers, capitalise the first word. Capitalise the first word in a complete sentence. Capitalise the titles of all sources that are in italics. for units of time of an hour or less.Ĭapitalise the main words in titles, including the first word after the colon with the remaining words after the colon in lower case, for example: Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological sciences and medical sciences and The Blitz and Its Legacy: Wartime destruction to post-war reconstruction. for pages with a space and then the numbers. for Opus.ĭo not use full stops for metric measurements such as m, cm. Use Latin abbreviations: for alia as in et al., and Op. Each element of a reference should be clearly separated from subsequent elements by punctuation or change of typeface. You need to use a consistent system of punctuation and typography throughout the reference list. When writing for publication you must follow the style rules established by the publisher to avoid inconsistencies in journal articles or conference papers. Any information that does not appear in the cited information resource, but you need to include, should be enclosed in square brackets. The preferred source of data for the reference is the title page or equivalent, such as the title screen, home page, disc label or map face. The data should be taken from the resource itself. Your reference list should be alphabetical by author (including institutional authors). You should use the same spellings, punctuation and information that you find in the original source. Remember, when you reference, you need to give your reader enough information so that they can find that source themselves. This page will help you with some of the basic styling used in Harvard referencing, including use of punctuation and abbreviations.
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